Booties of War: Minority Subjugation in Ahmed Yerima’s Jakadiya
Abstract
Minority groups, comprising of girls and women, are victims of discrimination, subordination and sexual enslavement because of their status as spoils of war. As victims, they are Slaves Hijacked to Entertain Men (SHE-menism; Umukoro, 2022); so, they are commoditized as sex objects meant for the selfish sexual pleasures of men. Beyond being toys of sexual entertainment, they serve as concubines and baby factories as well as instructors to younger slaves. Yerima’s Jakadiya shall be used critically to address the issues of forced migrations and the concept of SHE-menism as they affect both the young and old. Using the theoretical framework of intersectionality, this study will examine how the socio-cultural constructed categories of age, ethnicity, gender, and class interact to legitimize sexual victimization and perpetrate systematic social inequality. The study will focus critical gaze upon the various liberatory and emancipatory strategies adopted by female victims to recover their humanity and dignity.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adeoti, G. (2020). Ahmed Yerima’s dramaturgy. Theatre Scholarship Dialogue Series, 2, 87-118.
Barrett, A. E., & Naiman-Sessions, M. (2016). ‘It’s our turn to play’: Performance of girlhood as a collective response to gendered ageism. Ageing and Society, 36(4), 764-784. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0144686X15000021
Bilge, S., & Roy, O. (2010). Intersectional discrimination: The birth and development of a concept and the paradoxes of its application in anti-discrimination law. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 25(1), 51-74.
Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase ‘women and minorities’: Intersectionality - an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1267-1273.
Butler, R. N. (1980). Ageism: A foreword. Journal of Social Issues, 36(2), 8-11.
Cîrstocea, I., & Giraud, I. (2015). Pluralism in contemporary feminist movements. L’Homme et la Société, 198(4), 29-49.
Clare, E. (2015). Exile and pride: Disability, queerness and liberation. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Clarke, L. H., & Griffin, M. (2008). Visible and invisible ageing: Beauty work as a response to ageism. Ageing and Society, 28(05), 653-674. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X07007003
Cohn, C. (2012). Introduction. In C. Cohn (Ed.), Women and Wars (pp. 1-56). Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Crenshaw, K. W. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1(8), 139-167.
Crenshaw, K. W. (1997). Beyond racism and misogyny: Black feminism and 2 live crew. In T. D. Meyers (Ed.), Feminist Social Thought: A Reader (pp. 246-263). New York: Routledge.
Crenshaw, K. W. (2015). Why intersectionality can’t wait. The Washington Post, 24 September.
Crenshaw, K. W., & Schulz, P. (2016). Intersectionality in promoting equality. Equal Rights Review, 16, 206-219.
Dudley, R. A. (2006). Confronting the concept of intersectionality: The legacy of Audre Lorde. McNair Scholars Journal, 10(1), 37-45.
Duncan, C., & Loretto, W. (2004). Never the right age? Gender and age-based discrimination in employment. Gender, Work & Organization, 11(1), 95-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2004.00222.x
Gopaldas, A. (2013). Intersectionality 101. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 32, 90-94
Granleese, J., & Sayer, G. (2006). Gendered ageism and “lookism”: A triple jeopardy for female academics. Women in Management Review, 21(6), 500-517. https://doi. org/10.1108/09649420610683480
Handy, J., & Davy, D. D. (2007). Gendered ageism: Older women’s experiences of employment agency practices. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 1, 85-99. https://doi. org/10.1177/1038411107073606
Hirschmann, N. J. (2012). Disability as a new frontier for feminist intersectionality research. Politics and Gender: Cambridge Core, 8(3), 396-405.
Itzin, C., & Phillipson, C. (1993). Age barriers at work. London: METRA.
Itzin, C., & Phillipson, C. (1995). Gendered ageism: a double jeopardy for women in organizations. In C. Itzin, & C. Phillipson (Eds.), Gender, culture and organizational change: Putting theory into practice (pp. 84-94). London: Routledge.
Iwuchukwu, O. (2015). Focu-feminism: A panacea for self-assertion and self-actualisation for the Nigerian woman. OFO: Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 5(1& 2), 77-94.
Jyrkinen. M. (2013). Women managers, careers and gendered ageism. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 30(2), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2013.07.002
Kalish, R. A. (1979) The new ageism and the failure models: A polemic. The Gerontologist 19(4), 398-402. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/19.4.398
Kant, I. (2011). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals. Trans.: M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Krekula, C. (2009). Age coding: On age-based practices of distinction. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 4(2), 7-31. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.09427
Makama, G. A. (2013). Patriarchy and gender inequality in Nigeria: the way forward. European Scientific Journal, 9(17), 115-144.
Millett, K. (2016). Sexual politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Moosa-Mitha, M. (2005). Situating anti-oppressive theories within critical difference centered perspectives. In L. Brown & S. Strega (Eds.), Research as Resistance: Critical, Indigenous and Anti-oppressive Approaches (pp. 37-72). Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
Nfah-Abbenyi, J. M. (2005). Calixthe Beyala’s “femme-fillette” womanhood and the politics of (M)Othering. In N. Obioma (Ed.), The politics of (M)Othering womanhood, identity, and resistance in African literature (pp. 102-114). London: Routledge.
Obioma, N. (Ed.), (2005). The Politics of (M)Othering womanhood, identity, and resistance in African literature. London: Routledge
Palmore, E. B. (2001). The ageism survey: First findings. The Gerontologist, 41(5), 572-575. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.5.572
Pilcher, J. (2004). 50 Key Concepts in Gender Studies. New York: Sage Publication
Rich, A. (1986). Of woman born: Motherhood as experience and institution. New York: W.W. Norton.
Saxe, A. (2017). The theory of intersectionality: A new lens for understanding the barriers faced by autistic women. Canadian Journal of Disability Studies, 6(4), 153-178.
Shaka, F., & Uchendu, O. (2012). Gender representation in Nollywood video film culture. The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts, 7, 1-30.
Shimmin, C., Wittmeier, K., Lavoie, J., Wicklund, E., & Sibley, K. (2017). Moving towards a more inclusive patient and public involvement in health research paradigm: The incorporation of a trauma-informed intersectional analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 17(539), 1-10.
Simpson, J. (2009). Everyone belongs: A toolkit for applying intersectionality. Ottawa: CRIAW
Steinmetz, K. (2016). She coined the term ‘intersectionality’ over 30 years ago. In Crenshaw, K. The urgency of intersectionality Video. Retrieved from https://www. ted.com/talks/kimberle_crenshaw_the_urgency_of_intersectionality?mc_cid=cbd8f657c7&mc_eid=70aab61bd7.
Tomlinson, Y. (2013). Framing questions on intersectionality. US: US Human Rights Network.
Umukoro, J. (2022). SHE-menism: Girl-trafficking and the gendered experiences of forced migrations in Soji Cole’s Embers. In S. Brownlie & R. Abouddahab (Eds.), Figures of the migrant the roles of literature and the arts in representing migration (pp. 149-166). New York and London: Routledge.
Walby, S., Armstrong, J., & Strid, S. (2012). Intersectionality: Multiple inequalities in social theory. Sociology, 46(2), 224-240.
Walker, A. (1998). Age and employment. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 17(1), 99-103. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1998.tb00876.x
WHO Global Report (2021). Ageism. Retrieved from https://www.ageism.org/2021-world-health-organization-global-report-on-ageism/#:~:text=2021.
Yerima, A. (2017). Jakadiya. Ibadan: Kraft Books Limited. Zack, N. (2005). Inclusive feminism: A third wave theory of women’s commonality. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Ltd.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/12783
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Online Submission: http://cscanada.org/index.php/sll/submission/wizard
Please send your manuscripts to sll@cscanada.net,or sll@cscanada.org for consideration. We look forward to receiving your work.
We only use three mailboxes as follows to deal with issues about paper acceptance, payment and submission of electronic versions of our journals to databases: caooc@hotmail.com; sll@cscanada.net; sll@cscanada.org
Articles published in Studies in Literature and Language are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY).
STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE Editorial Office
Address: 1055 Rue Lucien-L'Allier, Unit #772, Montreal, QC H3G 3C4, Canada.
Telephone: 1-514-558 6138
Website: Http://www.cscanada.net; Http://www.cscanada.org
E-mail: office@cscanada.net; office@cscanada.org; caooc@hotmail.com
Copyright © 2010 Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture