Impact of External Debt-Induced Structural Adjustment Policies on Salient Aspects of the Nigerian Economy
Abstract
Nigeria as also most African countries have as yet nothing to show from receiving foreign aid and loans running into billions of dollars well over the past 40 years. The contention for an end to aids and loans to developing countries and Nigeria in particular especially holds from the immense harsh realities that have been endured by the masses of the people all through the decades external aids have subsisted. The paper carried out a documentary survey of the impact of International Monetary Fund’s structural adjustment policies (SAP) on salient aspects of the Nigerian political ecology and found that IMF conditionalities are dubiously aimed at maintaining continued resource transfer from debtor countries to creditor nations with adverse impact on the environment and cost of living of the civic population of debtor countries. The adversities brought about by the policies ultimately violate international conventions on rights to life and well-being. The study therefore requests civil society groups, nongovernmental organisations and concerned international organisations to intervene and redefine the terms of engagement between debtor nations and their creditors with a view to redressing the disproportionate incidence of external debt and its conditionalities on the civic population of debtor nations especially those of Nigeria.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adedeji, A. (1993). Introduction: Governance, aid and Africa. In D. Rimmer (Ed.), Action in Africa: The experience of people involved in government, business and aid. London: James Currey and the Royal African Society.
Amaefule, E. (2016). Nigeria services foreign debts with $1.62bn in five years. Punch, October 30, 2016. Retrieved from http://punchng.com/nigeria-services-foreign-debts-1-62bn-five-years/
Ayadi, F. S., & Ayadi, F. O. (2008). The impact of external debt on economic growth: A comparative study of Nigeria and South Africa. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 10(3), 234-264.
Baker, L. (2008). Facilitating whose power? IFI policy influence in Nigeria’s energy sector. London: Bretton Woods Project.
Bangura, Y. (1987). IMF/world bank conditionality and Nigeria’s structural adjustment programme. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Blaikie, P., & Brookfield, H. (1987). Defining and debating the problem (pp.2-26). In P. Blaikie & H., Brookfield (Eds.), Land degradation and society. London: Methuen and Company.
Bogdanowicz-Bindert, C. A. (1986). The debt crisis: The baker plan revisited. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 28(3), 33-45.
Boyce, J. K., & Ndikumana, L. (2001). Is Africa a net creditor? New estimates of capital flight from severely indebted sub-Saharan African countries, 1970-96. Journal of Development Studies, 38 (2), 27-56.
Buzcu-Guven, B., & Harriss, R. (2012). Extent, impacts and remedies of global gas flaring and venting. Carbon Management, 3(1), 95-108.
Caffentzis, G., & Federici, S. (2001). A brief history of resistance to structural adjustment. In K. Danaher. (Ed.), Democratizing the global economy: The battle against the world bank and the IMF (pp.139-44). Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press.
Chossudovsky, M. (1998). The globalization of poverty: Impacts of the IMF and world bank reforms. London: Zed Books.
Cruz, W., & Munasinghe, M. (1996). Economy-wide policies and the environment: Developing countries. In P. Gandhi (Ed.), Macroeconomics and the environment (p.14). Washington: International Monetary Fund.
Cruz, W., & Repetto, R. (1992). The environmental effects of stabilization and structural adjustment programs: The Philippines case. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Davidson, O. R., & Sokona, Y. (2002). A new sustainable energy path for African development: Think bigger act faster. Cape Town: Energy and Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town and the Environmental Development Action in the Third World, Senegal.
Economic Commission for Africa. (2012). Unleashing Africa’s potential as a pole of global growth. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa and the African Union.
Fischer, S., Meltzer, A. H., Sachs, J. D., & Stern, N. (2003). The future of the IMF and world bank: Panel discussion. The American Economic Review, 93(2), 45-50.
Forrest, T. (1993). Politics and economic development in Nigeria. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Fosu, A. K. (1996). The impact of external debt on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Economic Development, 21(1), 93-118.
Fosu, A. K. (2007). Fiscal allocation for education in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications of the external debt service constraint. World Development, 35(4), 702-713.
Federici, S. (1990). The debt crisis: Africa and the new enclosures. Midnight Notes, 10, 10-17.
Federici, S., Caffentzis, C. G., & Alidou, O. (2000). A thousand flowers: Social struggles against structural adjustment in African universities. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Human Rights Watch. (1999). The price of oil: Corporate responsibility and human rights violations in Nigeria’s oil producing communities. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Ismi, A. (2004). Impoverishing a continent: The world bank and the IMF in Africa. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. Retrieved from http://www.halifaxinitiative.org/updir/ImpoverishingAContinent.pdf
Iwunze, C. (2013). The political constraints on Nigerian economic development since independence: Crime, corruption, and political turbulence. New York: Strategic Book Publishing.
Kawewe, S. M., & Dibie, R. (2000). Impact of economic structural adjustment programs [ESAPs] on women and children: Implications for social welfare in Zimbabwe. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 27(1), 79-107.
Killick, T. (1993). The adaptive economy ñ adjustment policies in small, low-income countries. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Lutz, E., Pagiola, S., & Reiche, C. (1994). The costs and benefits of soil conservation: The farmers’ viewpoint. The World Bank Research Observer, 9(2), 273-295.
Lissakers, K. (1991). Banks, borrowers, and the establishment: A revisionist account of the international debt crisis. New York: Basic Books.
Majavu, M. (2009). The political economy of African higher education. Review of Higher Education in Africa, 1(1).
Millet, D., Munevar, D., & Toussaint, É. (2012). World debt figures. Retrieved from http://cadtm.org/2012-World-debt-figures
Munasinghe, M., & Cruz, W. (1996). Economy-wide policies and the environment: Developing countries. Macroeconomics and the Environment, 195.
Munasinghe, M. (1999). Special Topic I: Structural adjustment policies and the environment. Environment and Development Economics, 4(01), 9-18.
Nwannebuike, U. S., Ike, U. J., & Onuka, O. I. (2016). External debt and economic growth: The Nigeria experience. European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance Research, 4(2), 33-48.
Oberdabernig, D. A. (2010). The effects of structural adjustment programs on poverty and income distribution. In the Vienna institute for international economic studies, seminar in international economics. Retrieved from http://www.webmeets.com/files/papers/SAEE/2010/374/paper.pdf
Ogundipe, S. 0. (1985). IMF yes. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
Okpara, J. O. (2011). Factors constraining the growth and survival of SMEs in Nigeria: Implications for poverty alleviation. Management Research Review, 34(2), 156-171.
Odia, L. O., & Omofonmwan, S. I. (2007). Educational system in Nigeria problems and prospects. Journal of Social Sciences, 14(1), 81-86.
Ogujiuba, K. (2014). Poverty incidence and reduction strategies in Nigeria: Challenges of meeting 2015 MDG targets. Journal of Economics, 5(2), 201-217.
Okonkwo, C. E. (2014). National economic empowerment development strategies (Needs) and labour in Nigeria, 2003-2007. Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa, 2(2), 152-161.
Orubu, C. O., Odusola, A., & Ehwarieme, W. (2004). The Nigerian oil industry: Environmental diseconomies, management strategies and the need for community involvement. Journal of Human Ecology, 16(3), 203-214.
Owusu, J. H. (1998). Current convenience, desperate deforestation: Ghana’s adjustment program and the forestry sector. The Professional Geographer, 50(4), 418-436.
Pettifor, A. (2003). Resolving international debt crises fairly. Ethics & International Affairs, 17(02), 2-9.
Stiglitz, J. (2000). What I learned at the world economic crisis. Globalization and the poor: Exploitation or equalizer (pp.195-204).
Taylor, I. (2016). Dependency redux: Why Africa is not rising. Review of African Political Economy, 43(147), 8-25.
Ukah, M. (2014). Structural adjustment programme and its negative effect on education in Nigeria: A philosophical reconceptualization. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research, 2(2), 170-186.
wa Muiu, M., & Martin, G. (2009). Conclusion toward a federation of African states (Fas). In A new paradigm of the African state (pp.211-216). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/9026
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2017 Stanley Chinedu Igwe
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Reminder
- How to do online submission to another Journal?
- If you have already registered in Journal A, then how can you submit another article to Journal B? It takes two steps to make it happen:
Submission Guidelines for Canadian Social Science
We are currently accepting submissions via email only. The registration and online submission functions have been disabled.
Please send your manuscripts to css@cscanada.net,or css@cscanada.org for consideration. We look forward to receiving your work.
Articles published in Canadian Social Science are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY).
Canadian Social Science Editorial Office
Address: 1020 Bouvier Street, Suite 400, Quebec City, Quebec, G2K 0K9, Canada.
Telephone: 1-514-558 6138
Website: Http://www.cscanada.net; Http://www.cscanada.org
E-mail:caooc@hotmail.com; office@cscanada.net
Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture