Mapping Food Desert Persistency in Thunder Bay, Ontario, 1996-2006

Bradley A. Wilson, Sarah McKenzie

Abstract


Thunder Bay, Ontario is a remote community that has been identified in recent government reports as having high percentage of residents living below the poverty line as well as having the largest increase in the province in food bank usage from 2007 to 2009. Identifying neighbourhoods with multiple risk factors and poor access to full-service food retail provision (i.e., food deserts) is a key step in strengthening the local food system. Food deserts were found in all three census years used in this study. Two food deserts persisted and many new food deserts appeared on peripheral regions of the city over this time period.


Keywords


Food insecurity; Food security indicators; Food desert mapping

Full Text:

PDF

References


Antin, T. M., & Hora, M. T. (2005). Distance and beyond: Variables influencing conceptions of food store accessibility in Baltimore, Maryland. Practicing Anthropology, 27, 15-17.

Apparicio, P., Clouthier, M. S., & Shearmur, R. (2007). The case of Montreal’s missing food deserts: Evaluation of accessibility to food supermarkets. International Journal of Health Geographics, 6.

Blanchard, T., & Lyson, T. (2002). Access to low cost groceries in nonmetropolitan counties: Large retailers and the creation of food deserts. Paper presented at the Measuring Rural Diversity Conference. Washington, D. C. Retrieved from http:// srdc.msstate.edu/trainings/presentations_archive/2002/2002_blanchard.pdf

Canadian Council on Social Development (CCSD). (2007). Poverty by geography. The Urban Poverty Project. Retrieved from http:// www.ccsd.ca/pubs/2007/upp

Che, J., & Chen, J. (2001). Food insecurity in Canadian households. Health Reports, 12, 11-22.

Cummins, S., & MacIntyre, S. (1999). The location of food stores in urban areas: A case study in Glasgow. British Food Journal, 101, 545-553.

Damman, S., Barth Eide, W., & Kuhlein, H. V. (2008). Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective. Food Policy, 32, 135-155.

deSchutter, O. (2012). Special Rapporteur on the right to food: Visit to Canada from 6 to 16 May 2012.

Donkin, A. J. M., Dowler, E. A., Stevenson, S. J., & Turner, S. A. (1999). Mapping access to food at a local level. British Food Journal, 101, 554-564.

Furey, S., Strugnell, C., & McIlveen, H. (2001). An investigation of the potential existence of ‘food deserts’ in rural and urban areas of Northern Ireland. Agriculture and Human Values, 18, 447-457.

Hinricks, C. C., & Lyson, T. A. (2007). Remaking the North American food system: Strategies for sustainability. University of Nebraska Press.

Hinton, P. R., Brownlow, C., McMurray, I., & Cozens, B. (2004). SPSS explained. Taylor & Francis.

Hull, T.H. (2000). First results from the 2000 population census. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 7, 103-111.

Hyman, G., Larrea, C., & Farrow, A. (2005). Methods, results and policy implications of poverty and food security mapping assessments. Food Policy, 30, 453-460.

Kelly, E. D., & Becker, B. (2000). Community planning: An introduction to the comprehensive plan. Washington, D. C.: Island Press.

Kirkup, M., De Kervenoael, R., Hallsworth, A., Clarke, I., Jackson, P., & Perez del Aguila, R. (2004). Inequalities in retail choice: Exploring consumer experiences in suburban neighbourhoods. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 32, 511-522.

Larsen, K., & Gilliland, J. (2008). Mapping the evolution of ‘food deserts’ in a Canadian city: Supermarket accessibility in London, Ontario, 1961-2005. International Journal of Health Geographics, 7.

Minot, N., & Baulch, B. (2005). Poverty mapping with aggregate census data: What is the loss in prediction?. Review of Development Economics, 9, 5-24.

Ontario. (2008). Residents, about Ontario, Geography and Climate. Retrieved from http:// www.ontario.ca/en/about_ontario/004190?openNav=geography

Power, E. (2007). Food security for first nations and inuit in Canada-background paper. First Nations and Inuit Health Branch. Health Canada. Ottawa, Canada.

Reisig, V. M. T., & Hobbiss, A. (2000). Food deserts and how to tackle them: A study of one city’s approach. Health Education Journal, 59, 137-148.

Rex, D., & Blair, A. (2003). Unjust deserts: Food retailing and neighbourhood health in Sandwell. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 31, 459-465.

Riches, G. (2002). Food banks and food security: Welfare reform, human rights and social policy. Social Policy and Administration, 36, 648-63.

Short, A., Guthman, J., & Raskin, S. (2007). Food deserts, oases or mirages? Small markets and community food security in the San Francisco Bay area. Journal of Planning and Education Research, 26, 352-364.

Smith, C., & Morton, L. W. (2009). Rural food deserts: Low-income perspectives on food access in Minnesota and Iowa. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 41, pp.176-187.

Smoyer-Tomic, K. E., Spence, J. C., & Amrhein, C. (2006). Food deserts in the prairies? Supermarket accessibility and neighbourhood need in Edmonton, Canada. The Professional Geographer, 58, 307-326.

Spence, A. (2009). Ontario hunger report, 2009: Living with hunger. Toronto: Ontario Association of Food Banks.

Stephens, C. (1996). Healthy cities or unhealthy islands? The health and social implications of urban inequality. Environment and Urbanization, 8, 9-30.

Thunder Bay Economic Justice Committee (TBEJC). (2007). Poverty in Thunder Bay: Rich conversations with the poor. Service Canada.

Thunder Bay Food Action Network (TBFAN). (2004). Community food assessment for Thunder Bay: A closer look at our local food system. Thunder Bay: Food Action Network.

Tronrud, T. J., & Epp, A. E. (1995). Thunder Bay: From rivalry to unity, Thunder Bay historical museum society.

Whelan, A., Wrigley, N., & Cannings, E. (2002). Life in a ‘food desert’. Urban Studies, 39, 2083-2100.

Wrigley, N. (2002). ‘Food Deserts’ in British cities: Policy context and research priorities. Urban Studies, 39, 2029-2040.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/4410

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c)



Reminder

  • How to do online submission to another Journal?
  • If you have already registered in Journal A, then how can you submit another article to Journal B? It takes two steps to make it happen:

Submission Guidelines for Canadian Social Science

We are currently accepting submissions via email only. The registration and online submission functions have been disabled.

Please send your manuscripts to css@cscanada.net，or css@cscanada.org for consideration. We look forward to receiving your work.

 Articles published in Canadian Social Science are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY).

 

Canadian Social Science Editorial Office

Address: 1020 Bouvier Street, Suite 400, Quebec City, Quebec, G2K 0K9, Canada.
Telephone: 1-514-558 6138 
Website: Http://www.cscanada.net; Http://www.cscanada.org 
E-mail:caooc@hotmail.com; office@cscanada.net

Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture